By Fayziddin Qutbiddinov
The latest SCO summit, held in China in 2025, represents an important stage in the development of multilateral diplomacy in Eurasia. Against the backdrop of intensifying competition among global and major powers and the transformation of the international order, the meeting of SCO member state leaders takes on significant effect, both in terms of regional security and economic relations. Although the SCO summit is positioned as a mechanism to strengthen regional cooperation, in Western political circles the process is often perceived as a tool for bolstering the influence of Russia and China on the Eurasian continent.
According to preliminary statements by NATO Secretary General M. Rutte, NATO points to the growing role of China, Iran, and North Korea in their relations with the collective West, expanding defence cooperation to signal readiness for permanent confrontation with the Western alliance, while simultaneously forcing the transatlantic countries into a long and exhausting confrontation. Based on these assessments, he emphasized that the model of the war in Ukraine could be replicated on other fronts, escalating tensions between the Western bloc and the so-called alliance of autocracies.
According to DW’s analysis, the option proposed by China to enhance regional and international cooperation does not provide absolute guarantees to allies in the implementation of economic and trade agreements, leaving room for flexible interpretation and potential disagreements over the execution of key provisions.
Sinologist A. Chigadayev noted that Kim Jong-un’s visit to China was perceived not only as a political trip, but also as a signal of the legitimacy of his power on the international stage, strengthening his authority in meetings with leaders of major powers. China is North Korea’s key strategic partner in regional security, and the visit demonstrated that the North Korean leader’s regime remains stable and is supported by a strong ally.
Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the SCO summit in China is perceived by a broad Western audience as a strategic move by Beijing to consolidate its role as a competing global leader. China does not limit itself to promoting its own model of economic and political development, the ‘Chinese path’, but actively uses the summit as a platform for shaping new vectors of regional and international cooperation. This is confirmed by the participation of strong regional players, including Russia, India, and other key Eurasian states, which demonstrates the willingness of major regional powers to align with Chinese investment initiatives and strategic projects. Moreover, the summit enables China not only to strengthen its influence in the process of developing joint regional decisions, but also to shape norms and rules that may compete with the existing international standards promoted by Western powers.
Thus, the summit serves as an instrument for legitimizing China’s leadership on the world stage, signalling Beijing’s readiness to actively participate in creating a parallel world order and building the global architecture of contemporary politics. This, in turn, compels the West to closely monitor China’s actions and to develop strategies for engagement with Eurasia.
Alongside expanding its international influence at the summit, China also sought to underscore the technological leadership of its military. According to Carlotta Rinaudo of the International Security Studies Group (Verona), the military showcase in Beijing went beyond a traditional display and turned into a futuristic spectacle. China demonstrated the potential of its armed forces to combine human capabilities with robotic systems, outlining technological leadership in future warfare—while also boosting the domestic prestige of the military and sending a signal to the international community about the country’s growing strategic potential.
Developing this idea, analysts stressed that the vacuum of influence caused by the hesitancy of the American leader created conditions for stronger regional and strategic ties between China and Russia. A vivid confirmation of this is the growth of trade turnover between the two countries, the conclusion of economic agreements, and the implementation of transport projects carried out jointly in the early years of Joe Biden’s presidency.
According to Pete Hegseth, Washington’s main task is to maintain strategic superiority in the military domain, on land, at sea, in the air, and even in space, where the U.S. leads by outpacing competitors through the import of high-tech weaponry and innovative defence systems. At the same time, he noted that Donald Trump had constructive and working relations with Xi Jinping.” These contacts, in his view, could serve as a foundation for seeking opportunities for cooperation and reducing tensions, despite the ongoing strategic rivalry between Washington and Beijing.
In conclusion, the participation of China’s strong regional and strategic partners and the confirmation of their readiness not only to deepen bilateral and multilateral ties, but also to create alternative forms of international cooperation at the SCO summit, to some extent, indicates that this has generated considerable resonance within the Western political and expert community. At the same time, we see that some experts view this event rather sceptically, describing it merely as another occasion for taking photographs.
As Western experts understand it, the summit demonstrated the determination of Eurasian states to place their stake on strengthening mutually beneficial cooperation and building new economic and political architectures capable of competing with Western institutions. Moreover, it confirmed the growing role of China and its strategic partners in international politics, where they are increasingly claiming the status of independent centers of power capable of influencing the formation of a new world order.
* The Institute for Advanced International Studies (IAIS) does not take institutional positions on any issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IAIS.