The commentary is prepared under the supervision of Mushtariy Usmonova The commentary, authored by Parvina Kuchmurodova, a senior student at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy and an intern at the Centre for European Studies at IAIS, provides a comparative analysis of Estonia and Finland’s digitalization strategies. She examines how these two nations have emerged as global leaders in digital governance, each adopting distinct yet highly effective approaches to integrating digital technologies into public administration, business, and daily life. While Estonia has pioneered a radical digital transformation with its e-government infrastructure (such as the X-Road data exchange system and e-Residency programme), Finland has prioritized digital accessibility, robust ICT infrastructure, and strong business integration.   The analysis highlights key differences: Estonia’s focus on comprehensive digital public services and its global outreach through knowledge-sharing initiatives, versus Finland’s emphasis on digital literacy, broadband accessibility, and business-friendly digital policies. The author also explores how the two countries collaborate, particularly through shared cross-border digital frameworks, showcasing a commitment to advancing digitalization beyond national borders. By contrasting these models, the commentary offers insights into how different national contexts shape digital policies, providing valuable lessons for other countries seeking to enhance their digital governance and economic modernization.   * The Institute for Advanced International Studies (IAIS) does not take institutional positions on any issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IAIS.

The commentary by M. Cüneyt Özşahin, PhD, Visiting Research Fellow at the Center for American Studies, explores Türkiye’s evolving foreign policy towards Central Asia in the context of shifting global geopolitical dynamics. The author states that Türkiye’s positioning in the region is influenced by the policies of major powers, including Russia, China, the EU, and the US. He argues that Türkiye has moved from a traditionally Western-centric approach towards a more autonomous foreign policy, engaging with multiple actors while balancing its historical alliances. Dr. Özşahin highlights that the Ukraine crisis, the regime change in Syria, and shifts in US policy under Donald Trump are significant factors shaping Türkiye’s regional strategy.   The author examines Russia’s continued influence in Central Asia and how its involvement in Ukraine and Syria affects its regional standing. Dr. Özşahin states that Türkiye has maintained an ambivalent stance on the Ukraine conflict, mediating between Moscow and Kyiv while also supplying military support to Ukraine. He also discusses how Türkiye’s recent backing of Syrian opposition forces in the wake of the Assad regime’s downfall could strain its relations with Russia. Furthermore, he notes that Moscow’s challenges in these conflicts create power vacuums in Central Asia, which China is actively filling through economic initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, alongside strengthening ties with Türkiye.   The expert further explores how the US presidential elections of November 2024 and Trump’s return to power could influence global politics, including Central Asia. He states that Trump’s policies signal a shift towards unilateral coercion and a reduced emphasis on confronting Russia, which could allow Moscow to regain some geopolitical footing. Meanwhile, Trump’s focus on countering China may lead to greater US involvement in Central Asia, particularly in energy and economic sectors. He also suggests that tensions between the EU and the US might push European nations to seek stronger security cooperation, which could unexpectedly elevate Türkiye’s strategic importance in the region.   In conclusion, the author posits that Türkiye’s foreign policy in Central Asia is likely to evolve in response to these geopolitical transformations. Dr. Özşahin argues that Türkiye’s engagement in the region — through economic, military, and multilateral initiatives such as the Organization of Turkic States — positions it as a key player amidst growing competition between global powers. He suggests that, depending on the outcomes of Türkiye’s relations with the EU and other international actors, Ankara may pursue either deeper integration with Western institutions or pragmatic partnerships with China, Russia, and other regional stakeholders.   * The Institute for Advanced International Studies (IAIS) does not take institutional positions on any issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IAIS.

The commentary is prepared under the supervision of the Center for Afghanistan and South Asian Studies   In his recent commentary, Firdavs Azimkulov, a research intern at IAIS, discusses the evolving relationship between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, particularly in light of the official visit by Mullah Abdul Ghani Barodar, the Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, to Tashkent on February 22-23. Despite not formally recognizing the Taliban government, Uzbekistan’s engagement reflects a regional trend toward de facto normalization. Notably, Taliban officials were received at the airport by their appointed ambassador, Sheikh Abdul Ghafar Bahr — a diplomatic move previously achieved only with the UAE and China.   This visit follows Uzbek Prime Minister Abdulla Aripov’s trip to Kabul on August 17, 2024, during which $2.5 billion in trade and investment deals were secured. Recent discussions between Uzbekistan’s Deputy Prime Minister for Trade and Investment, Jamshid Khodjaev, and Taliban delegates suggest that this figure is likely to grow. Mullah Barodar has called on Uzbekistan’s central bank to facilitate banking assistance to strengthen commercial ties and proposed the use of national currencies in mutual trade. Additionally, Uzbekistan has expressed readiness to invest in Afghanistan’s natural resources, including establishing a cement factory in Samangan province and initiating the Toti Maidan gas field project. Both sides have also discussed the 500 kV power transmission project, with costs revised to $222 million, aiming to transmit energy from Surkhan, Uzbekistan, to Afghanistan’s Dasht-E Alwan area.   The commentary highlights that these developments signify a new level of government-to-government diplomacy between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. By engaging in joint economic initiatives and fostering bilateral investments, both nations aim to enhance their economic and geopolitical standing. Notably, Uzbekistan was the first country to officially raise the flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan alongside its national flag during the delegation’s visit, symbolizing growing diplomatic acceptance.   Read on Paradigma.uz   * The Institute for Advanced International Studies (IAIS) does not take institutional positions on any issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IAIS.

On January 20 of this year, Donald Trump was officially sworn in as the 47th President of the United States of America. Due to cold weather, the inauguration took place inside the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.   The Ceremony and the Inaugural Address   Present at the ceremony were former U.S. Presidents still living, including Joe Biden, as well as key political figures and high-ranking foreign guests, notably Han Zheng, Vice President of China. In addition to politicians, prominent business leaders attended, including Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and Mark Zuckerberg, as well as Shou Zi Chew, CEO of TikTok.   Shortly before the ceremony, Biden signed an order pardoning members of his family, which — given the absence of any ongoing criminal proceedings against them — effectively guarantees them legal immunity in the future. Biden also wrote a letter to Trump but did not disclose its contents. “That’s between Trump and me”, he said.   Trump took the oath of office together with Vice President J.D. Vance, and the ceremonial atmosphere, replete with symbolic details, imbued the event with historical significance. In his inaugural address, Trump proclaimed the start of a “Golden Age of America”. He stated that his mission is to restore the nation’s greatness and improve the welfare of its citizens.   In the economic domain, Trump emphasized the need for an “industrial renaissance”, announcing the “Revival of America” program. This initiative aims to support domestic manufacturing, reduce the tax burden on businesses, and eliminate bureaucratic barriers. In addition, he promised to strengthen protectionist measures, including higher tariffs on imports, especially from China.   Trump expressed confidence that America must once again become the world leader in innovation, industry, and technology. He also confirmed his intention to complete the construction of the wall on the Mexican border to “put a permanent stop to illegal immigration”. As part of his stricter immigration policy, he promised to impose sanctions on employers hiring undocumented migrants and to implement a new merit-based immigration system focused on the economic contributions of immigrants. In addition, a program was announced to deport undocumented migrants with criminal records, which, he said, would improve public safety. Mexican drug cartels would be designated as terrorist organizations, enabling the use of regular military units against them.   In terms of foreign policy, Trump stated that the United States would seek peace and cooperation, while firmly defending its national interests. He underscored that America would not intervene in conflicts unrelated to its direct interests and would focus on bolstering the economy and defense capabilities. His statements on regaining U.S. control over the Panama Canal have drawn significant attention. Trump argued that America’s handover of control to Panama in 1999 was ill-advised.   Amid ongoing debates on gender identity, Trump declared that gender would be defined solely as male or female, which he said reflects biological reality. Moreover, his speech dedicated considerable attention to issues of freedom of speech and government censorship, especially in the context of digital platforms. Responding to criticism of the government’s control over the internet, Trump pledged decisive measures to lift state censorship and protect citizens’ right to freely express their opinions. In doing so, he effectively signaled his intent to deliver a powerful blow to the ideological platform of the Democratic Party, forcing it into a defensive position and prompting substantial reforms.   First Day of the Presidency   On his first day in the White House, Trump took a number of decisive steps, overturning 78 executive orders and memoranda from the Biden administration. Among other actions, he granted pardons to most of those charged in connection with the storming of the Capitol in January 2021. Trump also signed an executive order extending TikTok’s permission to operate in the United States for an additional 75 days and announced the country’s withdrawal from the World Health Organization and the Paris Agreement on climate change. The justification offered was a loss of trust in international organizations, which may weaken the U.S. position as a global leader.   Consistent with promises made in his inaugural address, Trump signed an order directing the start of the process to rename the Gulf of Mexico to the “American Gulf”. He also signed orders tightening the requirements for obtaining U.S. citizenship and strengthening measures against unlawful entry across the southern border. In the field of energy, Trump reaffirmed his intention to increase oil and gas production by opening new drilling sites and declared plans to introduce a state of emergency in the energy sector to boost domestic production, reflecting his emphasis on energy independence and economic growth. Trump also announced plans to reform government institutions, including the Federal Reserve System, which could lead to changes in the fundamental foundations of American governance and the economy.   Although the Russia–Ukraine issue was not listed among his main priorities, Trump’s position on this matter remains significant. He stated that President Zelensky is prepared to make a “deal” with Russia, but noted the uncertainty of President Putin’s stance. At the same time, he suspended all foreign aid processes, including aid to Ukraine, in order to evaluate their effectiveness in light of U.S. national interests.   In addition, Trump announced the launch of the largest technological project in history — the development of artificial intelligence (AI) — with a budget of $500 billion allocated for the creation of a supercomputer and data processing center in Texas. To this end, Trump revoked Biden’s 2023 executive order that had restricted AI development for “safety” reasons. By doing so, he made clear that his administration aims to secure U.S. technological leadership in the global arena.   Trump’s immediate priority is forming his Cabinet. The U.S. Senate is currently holding hearings for nominees proposed by Trump for various posts. On Inauguration Day, the Senate approved Marco Rubio as Secretary of State by a majority vote. On his first day in office, Trump established a Department for Enhancing Government Efficiency headed by Elon Musk, who will serve under presidential authority at the White House.   Donald Trump’s 2025 inauguration symbolizes the ongoing transformation of American politics. The return to power of a leader known for his unconventional approach has raised numerous questions about the future of the United States and its role on the world stage. The long-term effects of the initiatives he has announced will depend on how they are carried out. If the administration manages to balance its actions without undermining democratic principles or minority rights, it could help strengthen public confidence in the political system. Otherwise, the radicalization of rhetoric and policies risks exacerbating social tensions.

In his insightful commentary, Akbar Mavlonov, Associate Research Fellow at IAIS, discusses Central Asia’s pivotal role in global energy dynamics, exploring the diverse aspects of energy security in the area, analyzing its effects on international relations, economic advancement, and environmental sustainability.   Endowed with significant reservoirs of oil, natural gas, and renewable energy sources, Central Asia not only drives global energy markets but also propels its own economic development. However, the region's energy landscape is complex due to geopolitical intricacies influenced by major powers such as Russia, China, the United States, and the European Union. The strategic significance of pipelines, exemplified by the Turkmenistan-China gas pipeline, highlights the convergence of economic and geopolitical interests.   In navigating these complexities, Central Asia occupies a critical position in shaping sustainable development in the region and beyond, positioning itself as a significant player in global energy relations.   Read the commentary   * The Institute for Advanced International Studies (IAIS) does not take institutional positions on any issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IAIS.

In November 2024, the COP29 climate conference will take place in Baku, Azerbaijan. One of the most discussed aspects of the event is the invitation extended to a representative of the Taliban government. This decision has raised many questions, as the Taliban’s government is not officially recognized by most countries and does not meet many international standards. Despite these challenges, the invitation has been issued, and there are several key reasons behind this move.   First and foremost, it is important to recognize that climate change is a global issue that requires cooperation from all countries, regardless of their political situation. In previous COP summits, representatives from countries with different political systems, even those in conflict or strained relations, have still come together to discuss urgent environmental issues. Climate change is not confined to any one country or region—it affects the entire planet. Solving it requires collaboration at every level.   The Taliban’s inclusion in the COP29 agenda might also be linked to efforts to engage countries that, due to political isolation or internal instability, would otherwise be excluded from global discussions. Afghanistan, despite its challenging political situation, is facing serious environmental problems such as droughts, deforestation, and land degradation. These issues are directly connected to climate change, and involving the Taliban in the conference not only highlights the region’s environmental challenges but also sets the stage for future cooperation on these issues.   Furthermore, the invitation to the Taliban could be part of a broader international strategy where climate diplomacy is used as a tool to open communication with isolated regimes. This move may indicate a growing recognition that to effectively address global challenges, the international community must be prepared to engage with different political realities. While the Taliban is not recognized by many countries, its participation in international forums like COP29 can help strengthen its diplomatic standing.   Another important aspect is the political dimension. The invitation to the Taliban can be seen as a step toward recognizing their government on the international stage. This event strengthens the Taliban’s position, allowing them to demonstrate their ability to engage with the global community on important issues like climate change. While this invitation does not imply immediate official recognition, it could be interpreted as a signal that international actors are exploring ways for more constructive dialogue with the new Afghan regime, particularly on issues where cooperation is essential.   In summary, the invitation extended to the Taliban for COP29 is not just a diplomatic gesture aimed at involving all countries in tackling the climate crisis; it is also part of a broader strategy of an incremental recognition Afghanistan and its government on the international stage. Ultimately, this event could play a significant role in shaping future relations between the Taliban and the rest of the world.   * The Institute for Advanced International Studies (IAIS) does not take institutional positions on any issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IAIS.